Why world history?
Most historical studies go the opposite way, requiring historians to study more and more focused periods of time and space. So why is there a push to study world history? Better said, what is the virtue of a world historical lens?
1. Bring about awareness that Europe and the U.S. are not all there is…
2. Comparative Analysis…
THEMES OF THE WEEK:
· Empires in Collision
· Disease
· War
· Empires of Faith
· Human Movement
· Technology and Industrialization
· Nationalism
· Revolts and Revolutions
· Economic Globalization
Empires in Collision
How do you define empire? What constitutes empire?
Is it power, control, military, ideological, economic, sexual, racial?
What are the proper terms by which we should discuss an age of empires?
“Movement”
“Conquest”
“Discovery”
“Exchange”
“Destruction”
The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (2011)
"It is my hypothesis that the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Nation states will remain the most powerful actors in world affairs, but the principal conflicts of global politics will occur between nations and groups of different civilizations. The clash of civilizations will dominate global politics. The fault lines between civilizations will be the battle lines of the future."
… Samuel Huntington
EMPIRE IS DEATH: COLLISIONS OF PEOPLES IN INDIA, AFRICA, and EUROPE
1. The Mughal Empire: 1526-1858CE
Agra and Delhi as capitals
Influential Mughal Emperors:
– Babur (1526-1530) The First of the Mughals
– Humayun (1530-1556) The Luckless Leader
– Akbar (1556-1605) The Great
– Jahangir (1605-1627) The Paragon of Stability
– Shah Jahan (1627-1658) The Master Builder
– Aurangzeb (1658-1707) The Intolerant
– Bahadur Shah Zafar (1775-1862) The Puppet
BABUR
ABU AKBAR
Fatehpur Sikri, 1571 to 1585
Akbar ended the tax on non-Muslims.
Akbar was a great military leader.
(1868)
Mughal war elephants
Akbar and Godism:
Akbar took the policy of religious toleration even further by breaking with conventional Islam.
Shah Jahan (1627-1658) (The Master Builder)
Taj Mahal
How did this empire end?
Internal strife…
External pressure…
The great Mughal city of Calcutta
came under the control of the
East India Company in 1696.
Europeans and European - backed
by Hindu princes conquered most
of the Mughal territory in a few decades.
2. Songhay/Songhai
Ibn Bututta
--travelled from 1325-1354
--75,000 miles
In the 1400s, Songhay rose to power under Sonni Ali the Great, replacing Mali as the major power in the region.
Askia the Great (1442-1538) ruled over the Songhai.
After Sonni Ali's death, General Mohammed Ture, ASKIA, a devout Muslim, took power(in 1493).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vhx5OHfekk (ahmed baba and Songhay)
How did the Songhay end?
Internal division and
In 1591 the Moroccan army invaded.
One loss from that invasion: Ahmed Baba (most important scholar of the 6th century)
3. Europe Invades the World:
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
“By the time of Cortés' assault on the mainland, the Spaniards had created in the Caribbean a perfect base camp for that assault. When the conquistadors moved into Mexico, Honduras, Florida, and elsewhere, they carried smallpox and many other maladies, freshened by recent passage through the bodies of the Arawaks. The Spaniards rode on horses bred in the Antilles, and wardogs from the same islands trotted beside them. Their saddlebags were packed with cakes of Caribbean cassava. Behind the conquistadors, herded along by Indian servants, came herds of swine, cattle and goats all of which had been born in the islands. In the span of the first post-Columbian generation, the Spanish had created in the Caribbean the wherewithal to conquer half a world.”
…ALFRED CROSBY
Ferdinand Magellan:
1519-1522
The Spanish Conquest of Mexico
1519-1521
Hernan de Cortes:
Montezuma II
Tenochtitlan: Capital of the Aztec Empire
Malinche interprets for the Spaniards when Montezuma meets Cortés.
Bernal Diaz del Castillo:
"I remember in the plaza where some of their oratories stood, there were piles of human skulls so regularly arranged that one could count them, and I estimated them at more than a hundred thousand. And in another part of the plaza there were so many piles of dead men's thigh bones that one could not count them; there was also a large number of skulls strung between beams of weed, and three priests who had charge of these bones and skulls were guarding them. We had occasion to see many such thing later on as we penetrated into the country for the same custom was observed in all the towns."
(account from the 1520s)
American Indian Population in North America:
1,894,350 in 1500
1 million in 1760
500,000 by 1900
MS Biloxi 1650 1000 Mooney (1928) w/ Pascagoula,
MS Biloxi 1698 420 total, per Swanton (1944)
MS Biloxi 1720 175 total, per Swanton (1944)
MS Biloxi 1805 105 total, per Swanton (1944)
MS Biloxi 1829 65 total, per Swanton (1944)
OK Biloxi 1908 6 to 8, total, per Swanton (1944)
OK Biloxi 1910 0 this tribe is Extinct!
FL Calusa 1650 3000 Mooney (1928) estimate
FL Calusa 1680 960 passed through 5 villages
FL Calusa 1839 250 warriors, that attacked Harney
FL Calusa 1850 0 this tribe is Extinct!
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